As you can see in this example, which is called a “star network,” a smart wireless module coordinates communications out to devices acting as routers and they move the communications out to end devices. The following graphic illustrates one model for wireless communications, and how each “node” in the wireless network plays a defined role. No matter where the device’s messages need to go, every journey begins with a first step. While some communications with peer devices are direct, remote communications will often need to pass through a gateway to get to their destination. Some devices only send information many others both send and receive. Local Communications Methods and ProtocolsĮvery IoT device needs to communicate. Every penny counts when those pennies get multiplied into the millions. Because IoT devices are often deployed in very large quantities, getting the cost right is critical. Depending on the environment, this enclosure may need to be sealed and watertight, or it may be heavily vented to manage heat.
IoT devices are often battery-operated, making power management a key consideration when selecting equipment, designing functionality, and creating communications strategies.Īll these components will be housed in some type of enclosure, often quite a small one. As a connected device, it must have at least one communication component, either some type of radio or a wired communication method like Ethernet. These sensors and actuators connect with one or more microprocessors running the logic that drives the IoT functionality. There may also be actuators that create physical changes, like turning on a light or closing a valve. There’s typically a sensor to detect physical occurrences, like motion or a water leak. While IoT devices vary depending on the need they were created to fill, some fundamental components are almost always included. However, IoT capabilities are increasingly being designed right into new devices, where they can greatly lower costs and improve functionality. Many of these devices weren’t originally created with Internet capabilities and must be modified with after-market solutions to become connected. As an example, the following graphic shows the connectivity between an industrial tank sensor using a Digi XBee® radio module, communicating with a gateway that houses a Digi ConnectCore® System on Module (SOM). Typically, we’re focused on devices with a narrower purpose, such as controlling the lights in your home or tracking tank levels for manufacturing chemicals. 
While an IoT device is arguably any electronic device that can communicate with the Internet, we usually don’t mean mobile phones or general use computers.
When we talk about IoT devices, we are usually describing things like environmental sensors, connected appliances, vehicle trackers, or even assembly line machines.
User interface – where people see IoT information, manipulate it, and issue commands back to IoT devices. Cloud applications – process IoT data into useful information, for presentation to users. Network servers – systems that manage the acceptance and transmission of IoT data, typically located inside cloud data centers. Gateways – translate and re-transmit information, typically linking local device networks to the Internet. Application protocol – the framework that defines how information content is transported. Local communications – the method the device uses to speak with neighboring devices. IoT device – anything from the tiniest temperature sensor to a giant industrial robot. While IoT systems come in many different architectures, most include the following components: What's the device’s power budget? What are the cost limitations? What are the requirements for physical size, security, time to market, geographic regions and remote maintenance? In this article we'll take a look the embedded components of an IoT communication system, and discuss how different needs and contexts determine the best solution for each use case. There are also constraints to be considered. The right choice always depends on the application’s specific needs. 
There’s no single best protocol, which is essentially the common "language" used to route messages from one IoT device to another. That's because how they communicate depends on what they are, where they are, what other devices and systems they need to talk to, and what they have to say.
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Get Our White Paper Learn about antenna design considerations DOWNLOAD PDFInternet of Things (IoT) devices communicate is dozens of different ways, using hundreds of different protocols.
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